Criminal Violence 暴力犯罪 The detailed study of extremely violent prisoners suggests that, among such criminals, whose police records boast multiple assaults and frequent homicides, violence was frequently elicited with little or no provocation. These persons seemed to demonstrate a high degree of sensitivity to personal insult and a high degree of personal vulnerability—even to the point of carrying a weapon for protection over prolonged periods of time. These men felt that they had to be violent in the interest of self-defense, and frequently lacked a sense of moderation or restraint in their attacks on others—tending toward murderous violence rather than restrained anger. Memories of parental violence is common, but memories of brutal beatings surprisingly rare. 对极端暴力囚犯(他们的警察记录显示有多次袭击和经常杀人)的详细研究表明，在这些罪犯中，暴力往往是在很少或没有挑衅的情况下引发的。这些人似乎对个人的侮辱表现出高度的敏感和高度的个人弱点，甚至长时间携带武器以保护自己。这些人认为他们必须为了自卫而使用暴力，而且在攻击他人时常常缺乏节制或克制的意识——倾向于使用致死的暴力，而不是克制的愤怒。父母暴力的记忆很常见，但残酷殴打的记忆却少得惊人。 Studies of the body-buffer zones show that violent prisoners usually have zones almost four times larger than the body-buffer zones of non-violent prisoners. Also the rear zones in the violent prisoners were larger than the front zones—the reverse being the case in nonviolent prisoners. The normal group showed a greater tendency to sensitivity to approach from the front rather than from the rear. These findings suggest that violent subjects perceive the rear surface of their bodies as an area of vulnerability, rather than as a protective barrier as in normal subjects. The combination of this hypersensitivity to approach from the rear with tendencies to perceive passive intrusion as homosexual provocation, along with frequent histories of homosexual contact and homosexual denial, strongly suggest a high levelof homosexual anxiety(Kinzel,1970). It also seems that this pattern of increased hypersensitivity to approach would indicate a higher degree of vulnerability and fear of attack from the outside. This, it seems to me, would be quite consistent with paranoid dynamics. 对身体缓冲区的研究表明，暴力囚犯的身体缓冲区通常比非暴力囚犯的身体缓冲区大四倍。而且，暴力囚犯的后方区域也比前线区域大，而非暴力囚犯的情况正好相反。正常组表现出从前面而不是从后面接近的更大的敏感性倾向。这些发现表明，暴力的受试者认为他们身体的后表面是一个脆弱的区域，而不是像正常受试者那样是一个保护屏障。这种从背后接近的超敏反应，加上把被动的侵犯视为同性恋挑衅的倾向，以及频繁的同性恋接触和同性恋否认的历史，强烈表明同性恋焦虑的程度很高(Kinzel,1970)。似乎这种对接近的高度敏感的模式也表明了更高程度的脆弱性和对外部攻击的恐惧。在我看来，这与偏执动力学相当一致。